AHSEC Class 12 History Solved Question Paper 2024

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An Overview of AHSEC Class 12 History Solved Question Paper 2024

Name of Board	AHSEC (Assam Higher Secondary Education Council)
Class	12th Standard Assam Board
Subject	History
Mode of Exam	Offline written exam.
Full Marks	100
Year	2024
Category	AHSEC Preview Year Solved question Papers
Official Website	https://ahsec.assam.gov.in

Assam Board AHSEC Class 12 History Solved Question Paper 2024 PDF

AHSEC Class 12 History Question Paper 2024

2024

HISTORY

Full Marks: 100

Pass Marks: 30

Time: Three hours

The figures in the margin indicate full marks for the questions.

1. Answer the following questions: (any twelve) 1 x 12= 12

(i) Where was the Indus Valley Civilization discovered first?

Ans:- Harrapa. 

(ii) Who authored the book, “The Story of Indian Archaeology”?

Ans:-  The book “The Story of Indian Archaeology” was authored by Amalananda Ghosh.

(iii) Which Greek traveller visited the court of Chandragupta Mauryan?

Ans:– Magasthenes was a Greek traveler, he wrote his account when he visited India during the time of Maurya king Chandragupta Maurya in 4th century BCE.

(iv) Which famous Indian writer wrote the short story, “Kunti O Nishadi”?

Ans:- The famous Indian writer who wrote the short story “Kunti O Nishadi” is Mahasweta Devi.

(v) Where did the Ahoms first establish their capital?

Ans:- charaideo. 

(vi) In which year Mir Jumla invaded Assam?

Ans:- 1662

(vii) Which traveller is known as the ‘Bird leaves its nest’?

Ans:- Ibn Battuta

(viii) Name one dynasty that ruled the Vijaynagar Empire.

Ans:- Krishnadeva Raya was the most popular ruler.

(ix) Who led the Bhakti Movement in Assam?

Ans:- Sankardev

(x) What is ‘Jins-i-Kamil’?

Ans:- Literally perfect crops. Example cotton and sugarcane.

(xi) In which year was the Battle of Plassey fought?

Ans:- 23rd June, 1757

(xii) Who was the first martyr of the Revolt of 1857?

Ans:- Mangal Pandey. 

(xiii) Who was the viceroy of India at the time of India’s Independence?

Ans:- Lord Mountbatten.

(xiv) Which was the commercial capital of British India?

Ans:- Calcutta

(xv) In which year was the capital of India shifted from Kolkata to Delhi?

Ans:- 1911.

2. Answer the following questions in brief: (any twelve) 2 x 12= 24

(i) Name two types of marriage.

Ans:- Brahma Vivaha and Prajapatya Vivaha. 

(ii) Name two elaborate sacrifices.

Ans:- Rajasuya and Ashvamedha.

(iii) Mention any two political centres of the Mauryan Empire.

Ans:- There were five major political centres in the empire the capital Pataliputra and the provincial centres of Taxila, Ujjayini, Tosali and Suvarnagiri, all mentioned in Asokan inscriptions.

(iv) Name two posts created by Swargadeo Pratap Singha.

Ans:- Borbarua and the Borphukan.

(v) Name two Peasant Uprisings of Assam during the British period.

Ans:- Phulguri uprising also known as ‘Phulguri Dhawa”was the first peasant revolt in Assam. The peasants, known in the native as ‘Ryots’, started the resistance movement, now known as the Pabna revolt (1873-1876), as it started from Yusufshahi Pargana of Pabna, now in Bangladesh.

(vi) Give two characteristics of the writings of Alberuni.

Ans:- 1. Al-Biruni wrote in the Arabic language. 2. He adopted a critical approach in his writings.

(vii) Name two famous Sufi saints.

Ans:-  (i) Maínduddin Chisti, Ajmir

(ii) Ajan Pir, Sivasagar, Assam.

(viii) What were the two types of farmers in the Mughal period?

Ans:- Khud-kashta and Pahi-kashta

(ix) Name two biographies written during the Mughal period.

Ans:- 1. Akbarnama was a biography written by Abul Fazl.

2. Humayunama She was the daughter of Babur. She wrote Humayun Nama.

3. Babur Nama by Babur. 

(x) ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’ was written in which language and how many chapters were there?

Ans:- ‘Kitab-ul-Hind’ was written in Arabic. It is divided into 80 Chapters.

(xi) Mention two Colonial architectural styles seen in Bombay city.

Ans:- The different colonial architectural styles which can be seen in Bombay city

(i) The new classical/The neo-classical Its characteristics included construction of geometrical structure fronted with lofty pillars It was derived from a style that was originally typical of buildings in ancient Rome, and was subsequently revived, re-adapted and made popular during the European Renaissance. For example, The Town Hall in Bombay and Elphinstone Circle / Horniman Circle.

(ii) The neo-Gothic: It is characterised by high-pitched roofs, pointed arches and detailed decoration. The Gothic style had its roots in buildings, especially churches, built in northern Europe during the medieval period. For example, The Secretariat, University of Bombay, High Court of Bombay and Victoria Terminus.

(xii) Mention two social reforms introduced by the British in India before the Revolt of 1857.

Ans:- Before the Revolt of 1857, the British introduced several social reforms in India, two of which were particularly significant:

1. Abolition of Sati (1829):

   The practice of Sati, where a widow would immolate herself on her husband’s funeral pyre, was abolished by Lord William Bentinck, the then Governor-General of India. This reform was largely influenced by social reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy and was officially enacted through Regulation XVII in 1829.

2. Widow Remarriage Act (1856):

   The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act, 1856, legalized the remarriage of Hindu widows. This act was a result of efforts by social reformers like Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and aimed to improve the condition of widows in Hindu society. It was passed during the tenure of Lord Dalhousie, though it came into effect shortly before the Revolt of 1857.

(xiii) When was the Second Round Table Conference held? Who represented the Indian National Congress there?

Ans:- 7 September 1931. Represented by Mahatma Gandhi. 

(xiv) Give two effects of American Civil War on cotton cultivation.

Ans:- 1. Disruption of Cotton Production: The American Civil War caused significant disruption in cotton cultivation, especially in the southern states where much of the cotton was grown. The war led to the destruction of plantations, loss of enslaved labor, and overall turmoil that greatly reduced cotton output.

2. Global Cotton Shortage: The decline in American cotton production during the Civil War created a global shortage, forcing countries like Britain and France to seek alternative sources of cotton. This spurred the growth of cotton industries in countries like India and Egypt, altering global cotton trade patterns.

(xv) Write any two programmes of the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Ans:- 1. Boycott of British Goods: Indians were encouraged to stop buying British-made products, promoting the use of locally produced goods (swadeshi) instead.

2. Non-Participation in British Institutions: Indians withdrew from British-run schools, colleges, courts, and legislative councils to reject colonial authority and promote self-reliance.

3. Answer the following questions: (any ten) 4 × 10= 40

(i) Discuss the causes of downfall of the Harappan Civilization.

Ans:- The causes for the downfall of the Indus Valley Civilisation were:

(i) Floods: The massive floods in the Indus must have been a potent cause for the extinction of the Harappa culture. Repeated floods must have forced the people to flee the inundated places and set up permanent habitat elsewhere.

(ii) Earthquakes: Geographically, the Harappan culture occupied an area that was prone to earthquakes, due to which earthquakes repeatedly occurred and it fell down.

(iii) Change of the Course of the Indus: As such the Indus delta shifted away from Mohenjo-Daro and water became scarce. Water scarcity must have led to the the Harappan people shift to other places.

(iv) Foreign Invasion: Due to the invasion of Aryans and immediate atteack on the Harappan by weapons it declined.

(v) Climate Change: There was a fall in the average rainfall in the cities leading to the formation of desert-like condition.

This led to the decline in agriculture, which was the main occupation of the Harappans.

(ii) Write a note on the sources of the history of the Mauryans.

Ans:- The history of the Mauryan Empire is reconstructed from various sources, each providing unique insights into this significant period in ancient Indian history.

1. Archaeological Sources: Archaeological findings, including stupas, pillars, and cave inscriptions, are crucial for understanding the Mauryan era. The most famous among these are the Ashokan Edicts, inscribed on rocks and pillars across the Indian subcontinent, which provide valuable information about Ashoka’s reign, his administration, and his promotion of Buddhism.

2. Literary Sources: Several ancient texts offer details about the Mauryan Empire. The Arthashastra, attributed to Chanakya (Kautilya), provides an extensive treatise on statecraft, economics, and military strategy, reflecting the administrative practices of the time. Additionally, Buddhist texts like the Mahavamsa and Jain texts like the Parishishtaparvan contain historical narratives about Mauryan rulers, particularly Ashoka.

3. Foreign Accounts:*Greek and Roman accounts, such as those by Megasthenes, who was the ambassador of Seleucus I to the Mauryan court, offer an outsider’s perspective on the Mauryan administration, society, and economy. Megasthenes’ work, Indica, though surviving only in fragments, is a crucial source for understanding the grandeur of Pataliputra, the Mauryan capital, and other aspects of the empire.

Together, these sources create a comprehensive picture of the Mauryan Empire, highlighting its political, economic, and cultural achievements.

(iii) Discuss how and why the stupas were built.

Ans:- Stupas were built due to:

(i) Stupas were the mounds put on the bodily remains of the body of Lord Buddha or of any object that was used by him.

(ii) At the place of stupas such objects were buried. These were places of great respect under the tradition of Buddhism, as they had the relics of Buddha.

(iii) The most important stupas are at Sanchi, Bharhut and Saranath.

(iv) The construction of the stupas was made possible by the contribution of many. The Satvahan Kings offered huge amount for the construction of the stupqs.

(iv) Discuss briefly the early British Uprisings of Assam.

Ans:- The early British uprisings in Assam were significant in the region’s resistance against British colonial rule. Here are some key events:

1. The First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826): The conflict between the British East India Company and the Burmese Empire indirectly impacted Assam. During the war, the British aimed to secure Assam to prevent Burmese expansion. The Treaty of Yandabo (1826) ended the war, leading to the British annexation of Assam. This annexation laid the groundwork for subsequent uprisings as the local population resisted foreign rule.

2. The Revolt of Gomdhar Konwar (1828): Shortly after the British annexation, Gomdhar Konwar, a prince of the Ahom dynasty, led a revolt against the British in 1828. This uprising was driven by discontent with British policies and the loss of traditional privileges. Although the revolt was suppressed, it marked the beginning of local resistance to British rule in Assam.

3. The Phulaguri Dhawa (1861): The Phulaguri uprising was a significant peasant revolt in the Nagaon district of Assam. It was sparked by the British imposition of taxes on betel nut and pan leaf cultivation, which were vital to the local economy. The revolt saw local peasants clashing with British forces, and although it was ultimately quashed, it highlighted the widespread discontent with British economic policies.

These early uprisings in Assam were characterized by local leaders and peasants resisting British colonial policies, setting the stage for continued resistance in the region.

(v) Write a brief note on the reign of Suhungmung Dihingia Raja. (HS 2024) 

Ans:- Suhungmung Dihingia Raja, also known as Swargadeo Dihingia Raja, was a significant ruler of the Ahom Kingdom in Assam, reigning from 1497 to 1539. He is notable for expanding the kingdom and consolidating its power. During his reign, the Ahom Kingdom achieved considerable military success, notably against the Chutiya and Kachari kingdoms, which expanded its territory and influence.

Suhungmung introduced several administrative reforms, enhancing the efficiency and stability of the kingdom. One of his key contributions was the reorganization of the Paik system, which was a labor and military service system crucial for the kingdom’s administration and defense.

Furthermore, Suhungmung was instrumental in incorporating various tribal communities into the Ahom fold, fostering a more integrated and cohesive state. His reign marked a period of cultural and economic prosperity, with significant developments in architecture, literature, and agriculture.

Overall, Suhungmung Dihingia Raja’s reign was a transformative period for the Ahom Kingdom, setting the foundation for its future growth and dominance in the region.

(vi) Discuss about Alberuni’s description of caste system of India.

Ans:- Alberuni was traveler, came from Khwarizm present Uzbekistan.

(i) According to him the social divisions were not unique to India.

(ii) At the same time he pointed out that within Islam all men were considered equal, differing only in their observance of piety.

(iii) In spite of his acceptance of the Brahmanical description of the caste system, Al-Biruni disapproved of the notion of pollution.

(iv) He remarked that everything which falls into a state of impurity strives and succeeds in regaining its original condition of purity.

(vii) Discuss about the Bhakti Movements led by the Alvars and Nayanars.

Ans:-  (i) The early Bhakti Movement was led by Alvars and Nayanars. They were those who claimed themselves the followers of Lord Shiva.

(ii) They travelled place to place and would sing devotional songs in Tamil in the name of Shiva or Vishnu as the case may be. 

(iii) Many historians are of the view that Alvars and Nayanars gave a blow to the caste system and Brahminism.

(iv) Virashaivas was a movement of the 12th Century that took place in Karnataka. The movement was led by a Brahmin named Basavanna (1106-68), who was a minister in the court of Chalukya king.

(v) The followers of Basavanna are called Virashaivas and they worshipped Shiv. They were also called and perhaps more often Lingayats, which literary means wearer of Lingas.

(viii) How was land classified under Emperor Akbar? How was land revenue assessed?

Ans:- The methods of collecting land revenue in kind were-

(e) kankut: in the Hindi language Kan signifies grain, and kut, estimate. If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior and the hesitation removed.

(f) batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties.

(g) khet-batai when they divided the fields after they are sown.

(h) lang batai; after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and each takes his share home and turns it to profit.

The land revenue were-

(i) It consisted of two stages Jama and Hasil. Jama was the amount assessed and Hasil the amount collected.

(ii) Both cultivated and cultivable land measured in each province.

(iii) Prepared annual record of the number of cultivators in each village.

(iv) Officials were appointed to measure land revenue.

(v) The Dewan, who was responsible for supervising the fiscal system of the empire.

(ix) Describe the process of manuscript production in the Mughal Court.

Ans:- The creation of a manuscript involved a number of people performing a variety of tasks.

(i) Paper makers were needed to prepare the folios of the manuscript,

(ii) scribes or calligraphers to copy the text,

(iii) gilders to illuminate the pages,

(iv) painters to illustrate scenes from the text,

(v) bookbinders to gather the individual folios and set them within ornamental covers.

Manuscript production in the Mughal court was a highly sophisticated and elaborate process that reflected the Mughal emperors’ patronage of the arts, their love for literature, and their desire to create masterpieces. The production involved several stages, each handled by specialized artisans and craftsmen. Here is a detailed overview of the process:

1. Planning and Commissioning

The process began with the commissioning of a manuscript by the emperor or a high-ranking noble. The choice of text could range from religious and philosophical works to poetry, history, and scientific treatises. The emperor often selected the theme, and a chief calligrapher or librarian was tasked with overseeing the project.

2. Selection of Materials

High-quality materials were essential. The finest paper, often imported, was chosen. Paper was sometimes dyed or treated to achieve the desired texture and color. The covers were made from leather or brocade, sometimes adorned with precious stones and gold leaf.

3. Preparation of the Paper

The paper sheets were cut to size, burnished with smooth stones to create a polished surface, and sometimes dyed with various colors. The preparation of paper was meticulous to ensure it was suitable for calligraphy and painting.

4. Writing and Calligraphy

The text was written by skilled calligraphers, who were highly esteemed in the Mughal court. Different scripts were used, depending on the nature of the text, with Nastaliq being particularly popular for Persian poetry. The calligrapher would rule the pages lightly to guide the writing and ensure uniformity.

(x) Discuss the causes of failure of the Revolt of 1857.

Ans:- The 1857 Revolt, also known as the Indian Mutiny or the First War of Indian Independence, failed due to a combination of several factors:

1. Lack of Unity and Coordination: The rebellion was largely uncoordinated, with various leaders acting independently. There was no unified command or centralized planning, leading to fragmented and isolated uprisings.

2. Limited Geographical Spread: The revolt was mainly confined to northern and central India. It did not significantly affect the southern and eastern regions, where British control remained strong.

3. Diverse Motivations: Different groups had varied reasons for participating in the revolt. For instance, while sepoys were angered by issues like the greased cartridges, landlords were upset over land policies, and peasants had their grievances. This lack of a common cause diluted the overall impact of the revolt.

4. Superior British Resources and Military Strength: The British had better military organization, training, and weaponry. They also had the ability to bring reinforcements from other parts of the empire, ensuring a consistent supply of troops and resources.

5. Support from Indian Princes and States: Many Indian princes and states did not support the revolt. Some actively sided with the British, fearing loss of their own power and territories. The lack of widespread support from the ruling class weakened the rebellion.

6. Internal Betrayals: There were instances of betrayal among the ranks of the rebels. Some leaders and factions were more interested in personal gains rather than the collective goal of overthrowing British rule, leading to mistrust and infighting.

7. Efficient British Response: The British were quick to respond to the rebellion. They employed a combination of military action and strategic diplomacy to quell the uprising. Their ability to swiftly adapt and counter the rebel actions played a crucial role in their success.

8. Failure to Capture Key Strategic Points: The rebels failed to secure major strategic locations, such as Delhi and Lucknow, for extended periods. The British recapture of these strongholds was a turning point in quelling the rebellion.

The causes of the failure of the revolt were-

(i) Lack of a common cause

(ii) Lack of National consciousness

(iii) Uncoordinated efforts

(iv) Absence of effective Leadership

(v) Lack of Nationwide Dimensions

(vi) Loyalty of Several Rulers to the British

(vii) Lack of Resources

(viii) Lack of Good Generals

(ix) Regular supply of the British forces

(x) The British Supremacy on the sea.

(xi) Discuss the contribution of Mahatma Gandhi towards the Freedom Struggle of India.

Ans:- Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution to India’s freedom struggle was pivotal and multifaceted. His strategies and ideologies not only mobilized millions of Indians but also garnered international attention and support for the cause of Indian independence. Here are the key aspects of his contribution:

1. Non-violent Resistance (Satyagraha): Gandhi’s philosophy of non-violent resistance became the cornerstone of the Indian independence movement. Satyagraha emphasized non-violent protest and civil disobedience as means to resist British rule. This approach was exemplified in various movements, including the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.

2. Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha: Gandhi’s leadership in the Champaran (1917) and Kheda (1918) Satyagrahas showcased his ability to address local grievances through non-violent means. These movements addressed the exploitation of indigo farmers in Champaran and the plight of farmers facing crop failure and heavy taxation in Kheda. These successes established Gandhi as a significant leader in the national movement.

3. Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and the Rowlatt Act, Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement. He called for the boycott of British goods, institutions, and services. This movement marked the first mass mobilization against British rule, involving millions of Indians from various walks of life.

4. Salt March (Dandi March, 1930): The Salt March was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Gandhi led a 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea to produce salt from seawater. This act of civil disobedience galvanized the Indian population and received worldwide attention, highlighting the injustices of British rule.

5. Civil Disobedience Movement: Following the Salt March, the Civil Disobedience Movement involved widespread defiance of British laws, including the refusal to pay taxes and the boycott of British goods. The movement saw mass arrests and widespread protests, further pressuring the British government.

6. Quit India Movement (1942): The Quit India Movement was a major campaign launched by Gandhi during World War II, demanding an end to British rule. Gandhi’s call for “Do or Die” inspired a nationwide uprising. Although the movement was brutally suppressed, it demonstrated the unwavering resolve of the Indian people for independence.

7. Promotion of Social Reforms: Gandhi addressed social issues such as untouchability, women’s rights, and rural development. He advocated for the upliftment of the Harijans (Dalits), promoted khadi (hand-spun cloth) to support self-reliance and rural industry, and encouraged simplicity and self-discipline.

8. Bridging Religious and Cultural Divides: Gandhi worked tirelessly to bridge the religious and cultural divides between Hindus and Muslims, striving for communal harmony. His efforts in promoting interfaith dialogue and understanding were crucial in maintaining unity within the national movement.

9. International Influence: Gandhi’s philosophy and methods inspired global leaders and movements, including the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. His principles of non-violence and civil disobedience became a universal template for resistance against oppression.

10. Legacy and Vision: Gandhi’s vision of an independent India was not merely political freedom but also a socio-economic transformation. His emphasis on self-reliance, sustainable living, and social justice continues to influence contemporary social and political thought in India and beyond.

Through these contributions, Mahatma Gandhi became a symbol of the Indian independence struggle, embodying the spirit of non-violent resistance and inspiring millions to join the fight for freedom. His legacy remains integral to the history and ethos of modern India.

(xii) What do you mean by oral sources? Discuss the limitations of oral sources.

Ans:- Oral sources refer to information, history, traditions, and stories passed down through spoken word rather than written texts. These sources include interviews, oral histories, folklore, legends, myths, songs, and anecdotes shared within communities. They are often collected through direct interviews or recorded narratives and play a crucial role in understanding cultures, especially those with limited written records.

Limitations of Oral Sources

1. Memory Bias: Human memory is fallible and can be influenced by various factors, such as emotions, personal biases, and the passage of time. As a result, oral accounts might be incomplete, exaggerated, or inaccurate.

2. Subjectivity: Oral sources are inherently subjective, reflecting the personal perspectives, interpretations, and biases of the individuals recounting them. This subjectivity can affect the objectivity and reliability of the information.

3. Transmission Errors: As oral stories are passed down through generations, details can be altered, lost, or embellished, leading to inconsistencies and variations in the narrative.

4. Lack of Verifiable Evidence: Oral sources often lack tangible evidence that can be cross-checked or corroborated with other data. This makes it challenging to verify the authenticity and accuracy of the information.

5. Influence of Interviewer: In oral history projects, the interviewer’s presence, questioning style, and reactions can influence the responses of the interviewee, potentially leading to biased or skewed accounts.

6. Cultural and Language Barriers: Differences in language, dialect, and cultural context can lead to misunderstandings or misinterpretations of oral accounts, especially when the interviewer and interviewee come from different backgrounds.

7. Selective Preservation: Communities might selectively preserve and transmit certain stories while omitting others, often influenced by social, political, or cultural factors. This selectivity can result in an incomplete or skewed historical record.

8. Temporal Limitations: Oral sources are most effective for recent history, as the accuracy and availability of oral accounts diminish with the passage of time. Ancient events or distant historical periods are less reliably preserved through oral traditions.

9. Oral data do not comprise of concreteness as well as the chronology they yield which may not be very accurate.

10. Historians argue that the distinctiveness of personal experience makes generalization difficult.

(xiii) Mention the arguments raised by some members in the debates of Constituent Assembly against seperate electorate system.

Ans:- (i) On 27 August 1947, B. Pocker Bahadur from Madras made a powerful plea for continuing separate electorates.

(ii) Only separate electorates would ensure that Muslims had a meaningful voice in the governance of the country.

(iii) This demand for separate electorates provoked anger and dismay amongst most nationalists.

(iv) Countering the demand for separate electorates, Govind Ballabh Pant declared that it was not only harmful for the nation but also for the minorities.

(v) N.G. Ranga, a socialist who had been a leader of the peasant movement urged that the term minorities be interpreted in econmic terms.

4. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions below: 6 x 3=18

(a) “The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life. Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects is central to Jaina philosophy. In fact the principle ahimsa, emphasized within Jainism, has left its mark on Indian thinking as whole. According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through Karma. Asceticism and penance are required to free oneself from the cycle of Karma. This can be achieved only by renouncing the world; therefore, monastic existence is a necessary condition of salvation. Jain monks and nuns took five vows: to abstain from killing, stealing and lying, to observe celibacy; and to abstain from possessing property.”

(i) What is the most important idea in Jainism? 1

Ans:- The important ideas of Jainism are-

(i) The most important idea in Jainism is that the entire world is animated: even stones, rocks and water have life.

(ii) Non-injury to living beings, especially to humans, animals, plants and insects, is central to Jaina philosophy.

(ii) Mention two vows taken by Jaina monks and nuns. 2

Ans:- Jaina monks and nuns took five vows: (i) to abstain from killing, (ii) stealing (iii) lying; (iv) to observe celibacy and (v) to abstain from possessing property.

(iii) How are Karma and salvation related to each other? 3

Ans:- According to Jaina teachings, the cycle of birth and rebirth is shaped through Karma, which refers to the actions and deeds that accumulate over one’s lifetime. Asceticism and penance are necessary to free oneself from the cycle of Karma. This liberation from the cycle of Karma, which is equated to salvation, can only be achieved by renouncing worldly attachments and adopting a monastic existence. Thus, reducing one’s Karma through ascetic practices and ethical living is crucial for attaining salvation in Jainism.

(b) Krishnadeva Raya, the most famous ruler of Vijaynagar, composed a work on state-craft known as the Amuktamalyada. About the traders he wrote-

“A king should improve the harbors of his country and encourage its commerce so that horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, pearls and other articles are freely imported. He should arrange that the foreign sailors who land in his country on account of storms, illness and exhaustion are looked after in a suitable manner…Make the merchants of distant foreign countries who import elephants and good horses be attached to themselves by providing them with daily audiences, presents and allowing decent profits. Then those articles will never go to your enemies.”

(i) Who was the famous king of Vijayanagar? Name his work. 1+1=2

Ans:- The famous king of Vijayanagar was Krishnadeva Raya. His work on statecraft is called Amuktamalyada.

(ii) How and why should the king be interested in encouraging trade?

Ans:The king should improve the harbors of his country to facilitate trade.He should ensure that foreign sailors are well taken care of when they land due to storms, illness, or exhaustion.The king should offer daily audiences and presents to merchants and allow them to make decent profits to encourage their attachment and loyalty.

Encouraging trade allows for the free import of valuable goods such as horses, elephants, precious gems, sandalwood, and pearls, which can enhance the wealth and resources of the kingdom.By fostering good relations with foreign merchants, the king ensures that these valuable goods are more likely to come to his kingdom rather than to his enemies, thereby strengthening his own position and weakening potential adversaries.

(c) What maps reveal and conceal:

The development of survey methods, accurate scientific instruments and Brities imperial needs meant that maps here prepared with great care. The Survey of India was established in 1878. While the maps that were prepared give us a lot of information, they also reflect the bias of the British rulers. Large settlements of the poor in towns went unmarked on maps because they seemed unimportant to the rulers. As a result, it was assumed that these blank spaces on the map were available for other development schemes. When these schemes were undertaken, the poor were evicted?

(i) When was the Department of Survey of India established?

Ans: The Department of Survey of India was established in 1878.

(ii) To which source do the survey reports and maps belong?

Ans: The survey reports and maps belong to primary sources.

(iii) How do the maps prepared by the British reflect their biases?

Ans: The maps prepared by the British reflect their biases in several ways:

1. Selective Representation: The British maps often did not mark large settlements of the poor in towns because these areas were considered unimportant by the colonial rulers. This omission indicates a bias towards highlighting areas and features that were of economic or strategic interest to the British, rather than providing a comprehensive depiction of the local population and their living conditions.

2. Development Priorities: The blank spaces on the maps, resulting from the omission of poor settlements, were often interpreted as areas available for development. This reflects a bias in the British approach to urban planning and development, where the needs and existence of the poorer sections of society were overlooked or deemed insignificant.

3. Eviction of the Poor: When development schemes were undertaken based on these biased maps, the poor were often evicted from their unmarked settlements. This not only reveals a lack of consideration for the local inhabitants but also demonstrates how the biases in map-making directly impacted the lives of the marginalized populations.

4. Imperial Interests: The overall purpose of these maps was to serve British imperial needs, such as military strategy, resource exploitation, and administrative control. As a result, the maps were biased towards showing features that facilitated these objectives, such as roads, railways, military outposts, and resource-rich areas, while neglecting other aspects of the geography and demography that were not directly useful to the colonial administration.

5. Draw a map of India and place capitals of any three states. 3+3=6

Ans:- 

Or

How did the annexation of Oudh to the British Empire affects the Taluqdars there? 6

Ans:- The annexation of Oudh (or Awadh) to the British Empire in 1856 had significant impacts on the Taluqdars, the large landowners or feudal lords in the region. Here are the main effects:

1. Loss of Power and Privileges: The annexation resulted in the Taluqdars losing their traditional power and privileges. The British administration sought to reduce their influence by undermining their authority and redistributing land.

2. Confiscation of Estates: Many Taluqdars had their estates confiscated or heavily taxed. The British authorities, viewing the Taluqdars as potential sources of resistance, often dispossessed them of their land, which was redistributed among peasants or smaller landholders.

3. Economic Hardship: The loss of land and power led to economic hardships for the Taluqdars. Without their estates, their sources of income were drastically reduced, leading to financial instability.

4. Administrative Changes: The British implemented new administrative policies that bypassed the traditional feudal system. This included the introduction of a new land revenue system that was often more burdensome for the Taluqdars.

5. Participation in the 1857 Rebellion: The discontent among the Taluqdars due to these changes contributed to their significant role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Many Taluqdars actively participated in the uprising against British rule, hoping to regain their lost power and estates.

6. Restoration Post-Rebellion: After the suppression of the 1857 rebellion, the British partially restored some Taluqdars to their estates as part of a strategy to stabilize the region. This was done to secure the loyalty of the Taluqdars and ensure their support for the British administration.

Overall, the annexation of Oudh led to a period of upheaval and transformation for the Taluqdars, with long-term impacts on their socio-economic status and political influence in the region.

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