AHSEC Class 12 History Chapter 3: Kingship, Caste and Class

On this post, we provide AHSEC Class 12 History Chapter 3: Kingship, Caste and Class Notes and important question and answers for the 2025 examination.

After going through this unit you will be able: To understand the different texts which were used by the historians to know about the Mahabharata days of India. To discuss about the story related to the great Mahabharata war. To trace the social, religious, political, economic condition of India during Mahabharata age. To examine the beginning of Caste system in Indian society. To know about the foreign travelers who visited India in 4th to 6th century CE and their accounts on India. To elaborate the teachings of different religious texts like Dharmasutra, Manusmriti etc.

Chapter – 3

THEME THREE: KINSHIP, CASTE AND CLASS

Early Societies (C.600 BCE to 600 CE)

Ahsec Class 12 History Model questions and Answer for 1 mark: (very short type)

1. Who first deciphered Brahmi and Kharosti scripts? 1mark (2017, 2013)

Ans: James Princep in 1830s.

2. Where was the early capital of Magadha? 1mark (2016)

Ans: Rajagriha, present Bihar.

3. Who was the mother of Kauravas? 1mark (2015)

Ans: Gandhari.

4. Who wrote Arthasatra?

1mark (2012)

Ans: Kautilya or Chanakya wrote, he was the Prime Minister of Mauryan Empire.

5. How many verses in Mahabharata?

Ans: 100,000 verses.

6. How many years took to compose Mahabharata?

Ans: 1000 years i.e. 500 BCE to 500 CE.

7. Who initiated for the critical edition of Mahabharata? 1mark

Ans: V.S. Sukanthakar, he started in 1919.

8. What is Kula?

Ans: Sanskrit texts use the term “kula” to designate families.

9. How many form of marriage in ancient India?

Ans: Eight forms.

10. When did Manusmriti was compiled?

Ans: It was compiled C. 200 BCE to 200 CE.

11. What do you mean by Gotra?

Ans: One Brahmanical practice, evident from c. 1000 BCE onwards, was to classify people (especially Brahmanas) in terms of gotras.

12. Who wrote “Mrichachakatika”? 1mark

Ans: Shudraka.

13. Name the author of “Ashtadhayayi”? 1mark

Ans: Panini, it is a work on Sanskrit grammar.

14. Name a non-kshatiya king. 1mark

Ans: Gautami Putra Satakarni.

15. What is Majjima Nikaya? 1mark

Ans: A Buddhist Text.

16. How many Puranas? 1mark

Ans: 18 in numbers.

17. How many Vedas we have? 1mark

Ans: Four in number, these are Rig veda, Yajur veda, Sama veda and Atharva veda.

Ahsec Class 12 History Model questions and Answer for 2 marks:

1. Name the two dynasties, who were immediate successor to the Mauryas. 2marks (2019)

Ans: Gupta dynasty and the Sunga dynasty, which was established under Pushyamitra Sunga.

2. What do you mean by Exogamy and Endogamy? 2marks (2018 2024)

Ans: Exogamy and Endogamy refers-

(i) Endogamy: Endogamy refers to marriage inside one’s own group. Here group stands for kin.

(ii) Exogamy: Exogamy refers to the marriage outside one’s own group or kin.

3. Write two duties fixed by the Manusmriti for the Chandals. 2marks (2016)

Ans: The two duties were:

(i) They had to live outside the village.

(ii) Use discarded utensils, and wear clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron.

4. What is Gotra? What are the two important rules about Gotra? 2marks (2014)

Ans: One Brahmanical practice, evident from c. 1000 BCE  onwards, was to classify people (especially Brahmanas) in terms of gotras. 

(i) Gotra refers to the name given to a particular group of people on the name of a Vedic seer as their fore father so as to establish kinship between them.

(ii) The system of gotra had significance to the women.

(iii) Women were expected to take up the gotra of her husband upon marriage and gave up their father’s gotra.

(iv) Members of same gotra could not marry. 

5. Mention two ways indicated by Manusmriti for a woman to acquire wealth. 2marks (2012)

Ans: For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth:

(i) what was given in front of the fire (marriage)

(ii) the bridal procession,

(iii) as a token of affection,

(iv) got from her brother, mother, father

6. What is “Right Occupation”?

Ans: According to Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras the ideal “occupations” of the four categories or varnas were called the Right Occupation.

7. What were Jati in ancient India?

Ans: Jati referred for the larger network of kinfolk.

8. What was Stridhana?

Ans: Stridhana is a kind of property of a woman of which she is the exclusive owner. women were allowed to retain the gifts they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana (literally, a woman’s wealth). This could be inherited by their children, without the husband having any claim on it.

9. What was Tamilkam? 2marks

Ans: A region where Tamil people were lived, and also this was that area where the famous Sangam literature were flourished.

10. Who were Mahasamata?

Ans: Leaders, who were selected for controlling the society. 

11. Who were Sutas?

Ans: The original story was probably composed by charioteer- bards known as sutas who generally accompanied Kshatriya warriors to the battlefield and composed poems celebrating their victories and other achievements. These compositions circulated orally. Then, from the fifth century BCE, Brahmanas took over the story and began to commit it to writing.

12. Mention two medicinal works of 1st century AD in India. 2marks

Ans: “Charaka” and “Sushruta Samhita”.

13. What do you mean by the term epic? 2marks

Ans: Epic means a larger poetic text which narrates the life and achievements of the heroes or the past of a nation.

14. Give Two Importance of Manusmriti? 2marks

Ans: (i) It gives vital information about law and social practices.

(ii) It influences the Hindu way of life even today.

15. Why the war Mahabharata was fought? What was its result?

Ans: The war of Mahabharata was fought to acquire land and authority. The war was won by the Pandavas.

16. What do you mean by term kula and Jati?

Ans: Sanskrit texts use the term kula to designate families and jati for the larger network of kinfolk.

17. What is endogamy?

Ans: Endogamy refers to marriage within a unit. This could be a kin, group, caste or a group living in the same locality.

18. Name two types of marriage. (HS 2024) 

Ans:- Brahma Vivaha and Prajapatya Vivaha. 

Ahsec Class 12 History Model questions and Answer for 3/4 marks:

1. What were the ideal occupations suggestd by the Dharmasutras and Dharmasashtras for the four Varnas? 4mark (2019)

Ans: These were-

(i) Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas. perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed, and give and receive gifts.

(ii) Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice, study the Vedas, get sacrifices performed. and make gifts.

(iii) Vaishyas, who were in addition expected to engage in agriculture, pastoralism and trade.

(iv) Shudras were assigned only one occupation that of serving the three “higher” varnas.

2. What do you understand by Caste? What were the strategies evolved by the Brahmanas to enforce this? (2013) 4marks

Ans: (i) According to it people in the society divided in to four class i.e. Brahmanas, Kshatriya, Baishaya and Sudra. The Brahmanas developed three strategies to enforcethe Varna system.

(ii) Brahamanas asserted that the varna order was of divine origin.

(iii) Brahmanas advised the king to ensure that the varna system was followed within their kingdoms.

(iv) Brahmanas attempted to persuade the people that their status was determined by birth. 4marks

3. Give an account on Varna system.

Ans: According to Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras the ideal “occupations” of the four categories or varnas.

(v) Brahmanas were supposed to study and teach the Vedas, perform sacrifices and get sacrifices performed, and give and receive gifts.

(vi) Kshatriyas were to engage in warfare, protect people and administer justice, study the Vedas, get sacrifices performed, and make gifts.

(vii) Vaishyas, who were in addition expected to engage in agriculture, pastoralism and trade.

(viii) Shudras were assigned only one occupation that of serving the three “higher” varnas.

4. Write about the Untouchables. 4marks

Ans: Apart from the four Varnas in society there were lots of people who were outside this occupational class. They were coined as untouchables. For example, like Chandals, who were even not allowed to live in the villages with other class of people. Their touch and, in some cases, even seeing them was regarded as “polluting” by those who claimed to be at the top of the social order.

5. Who were Chandals? What were their duty assigned by Manusmriti? 4marks

Ans: They were a class of people who were beyond the Varna system. They had to handling corpses and dead animals. The duties of the Chandalas laid down by Manusmriti were:

(i) They had to live outside the village

(ii) use discarded utensils, and wear clothes of the dead and ornaments of iron.

(iii) They could not walk about in villages and cities at night.

(iv) They had to dispose of the bodies of those who had no relatives and serve as executioners,

6. Give an account on the Untouchables based on Chinese traveler’s accounts.3marks

Ans: The Chinese Buddhist monk Fa Xian (c. fifth century CE) wrote that “untouchables” had to sound a clapper in the streets so that people could avoid seeing them.

Another Chinese pilgrim, Xuan Zang (c. seventh century). observed that executioners and scavengers were forced to live outside the city.

7. Write a note on the ideal of patriliny. 4marks

Ans: (i) Patriliny means tracing descent from father to son, grandson and so on.

(ii) Matriliny is the term used when descent is traced through the mother.

(iii) The concern with patriliny was not unique to ruling families. It is evident in mantras in ritual texts such as the Rigveda.

(iv) It is possible that these attitudes were shared by wealthy men and those who claimed high status, including Brahmanas.

8. Who were the Satavahanas? 3marks

Ans: Satavahanas are one of the powerful ruling lineages, who ruled over parts of western India and the Deccan (c. second century BCE-second century CE). Some of the Satavahana rulers were polygynous.

Satavahana rulers were identified through matronymics (names derived from that of the mother) but that succession to the throne was generally patrilineal.

9. Give an account on the Sutta Pitakas about human being. 3marks

Ans: In a myth found in a text known as the Sutta Pitaka, they suggested that originally human beings did not have fully evolved bodily forms, nor was the world of plants fully developed. All beings lived in an idyllic state of peace, taking from nature only what they needed for each meal.

Ahsec Class 12 History Model questions and Answer for 5 marks:

1. What were according to “Manusmriti” the means of acquiring wealth for men and women? Do you think that these means differentiate men and women? 5marks (2018)

Ans: (i) For men, the Manusmriti declares, there are seven means of acquiring wealth: inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, investment, work, and acceptance of gifts from good people.

(ii) For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth: at the time of the fire (marriage) or the bridal procession, token of affection, from her brother, mother or father and also through any subsequent gift from husband.

Of course, it differentiate men and women in society.

(i) According to Manusmriti, the women were not eligible to claim a share in the parental property.

(ii) The parental property was divided amongst sons after the death of parents with a special share for the eldest.

(iii) However, the women could retain the gift they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana.

(iv) This could be inherited by her children, without the husband having any claim to it.

(v) According to Manusmriti, women were not supposed to hoard family property and their own valuables without their husband’s permission.

(vi) Both epigraphic and textual evidences suggest that while upper class women may have had access to resources, land, cattle and money were generally controlled by men.

2. Write an essay on the critical examination Mahabharata. 

Ans: The critical examination on Mahabharata was started in 1919 under the Sanskrit Scholar V.S. Sukanthkar.

(i) He undertook a project work of preparing a critical edition of the Mahabharata and appointed a team of various Sanskrit scholars.

(ii) The team collected Sanskrit manuscripts of the text, written in various scripts, from different parts of the country.

(iii) They compared the verses from each manuscript.

(iv) Finally, they selected the verses that appeared common to most versions.

(v) They published these verses in several volumes in 13,000 pages. There were several common elements in the Sanskrit versions of the story.

(vi) Enormous regional variations were also found.

3. What did B.B.Lal note about the houses in the second phase of Mahabharata period Explain? 5marks

Ans: B.B.lal has given a description about the houses in the second phase. He noted that within the limited area excavated, no definite plans of houses were obtained, but walls of mud and mud bricks were duly encountered. The discovery of mud plaster with prominent reed marks suggested that some of the houses had reed walls plastered over with mud. 

4. In what ways was the Buddhist theory of a social contract different from the Brahmanical view of society derived from the Purusha sukta? 5marks

Ans: (i)The Purusha sukta says that four varnas emerged from the Purasha sukta

(ii) These varnas where Brahamans, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudras.

(iii) The Bramahans enjoyed the supreme position in the society.

(iv) The Kshatriyas where worriers, they ran the administration. 

(v) The Vaishaya were engaged in trade. The Shudras where destined to serve the three Varnas.

(vi) Only the birth was the basis of status and respect in the society. The Buddhism did not accept this concept. They believe that the inequality in the society was artificial and temporary. They rejected birth as the basis of social prestige.

5. Explain the relationship between the Varna system and the occupation according to Brahmanical texts. How did the Brahmanas reinforce these? 5marks

Ans: Relatonship between the varna system and occupation according to Brahmanical texts:

(i) Brahmanas- study and teach the vedas, perform sacrifices.

(ii) Kshtriyas study the vedas, get sacrifice performed and engage in warfare,protect people and administer justice.

(iii) Vaishyas-study the vedas, get sacrifices performed and engaged in agriculture and trade.

(iv) Shudras-assigned only one occupation-that of serving the three higher varnas.

The Bramanas enforced these by:

(a) Divine origin.

(b) Advising kings to enforce the order.

(c) Caste based on birth.

6. The rules of the Brahmanical texts were not universally followed in ancient time. Justify giving five evidence. 5marks

Ans. Brahmanical texts were not universally followed in ancient times-

(i) Women were expected to give up the gotra of the father after marriage. However the women married satvahana rulers continued to have names derived from others gotra. They did not adopt husband’s gotra.

(ii) According to the shastras only Kshatriyas could become rulers. But there were many ruling families that claims to be Brahmanas or Vaishyas.

(iii) There were population whose practices were not influenced by Brahmanical ideas such as Nishadas, nomadic pastoralists

(iv) There were instance of multiple occupations of the same caste such as silk weavers of Mandasor.

(v) Instances of chandalas not accepting the life of degradation prescribed in the Shastras.

7. The Mahabharata is a good source to study the social value of ancient times Prove it.?

Ans: Yes, Mahabharata is a good source to study the social value of ancient times.

(i) The Mahabharata gives a vivid description of the social values of the period of India.

(ii) it emphasized Patriliny succession.

(iii) The Mahabharata reinforces the relations between the caste and the occupation prescription between the caste and the occupation prescribed in the Dharmashastras through stories.

(iv) The Mahabharata gives a vivid description of the caste system and interrelation of the different caste group. This is evident from the story of Hidimba’s marriage with Bhima.

(v) The Mahabharata also provides evidence to patriarchal society, for example Yudhishtira staking Draupadi, his wife in the game of dice.

(vi) Kanyadan or gift of daughter in marriage was considered an important religious duty of the father.

(vii) Different types of marriges were practiced in the society.

(viii) It provides information about varna and different professions.

(ix) Elders were dominating in the family.

8. Write about the features of Gotra. 5marks

Ans: the features of Gotra are:

(i) Gotra refers to the name given to a particular group of people on the name of a Vedic seer as their fore father so as to establish kinship between them.

(ii) The system of gotra had significance to the women.

(iii) Women were expected to take up the gotra of her husband upon marriage and gave up their father’s gotra.

(iv) Members of same gotra could not marry. 

(v) When we examine the names of the women married to the Satavahana rulers, we will find that many of them had names derived from their father’s gotras such as Gotama and Vasistha.

9. What Strategies were developed by the Brahmanas to enforce the Varna system? Discuss. 5marks

Ans: The Right occupation or Varna system it was developed by the Brahmanas. According to it people in the society divided in to four class i.c. Brahmanas, Kshatriya, Baishaya and Sudra. The Brahmanas developed three strategies to enforce the Varna system-

(i) Brahamanas asserted that the varna order was of divine origin.

(ii) Brahmanas advised the king to ensure that the varna system was followed within their kingdoms.

(iii) Brahmanas attempted to persuade the people that their status was determined by birth.

Precis Writing

How men and women acquire wealth: (2017) 

For men, the Manusmriti declares, there are seven means of acquiring wealth: inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, investment, work, and acceptance of gifts from good people. For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth: what was given in front of the fire (marriage) or the bridal procession, or as a token of affection, and what she got from her brother, mother or father. She could also acquire wealth through any subsequent gift and whatever her “affectionate” husband might give her.

(i) What were the means of acquiring wealth for men and women? 2marks

Ans: (a) For men, there are seven means of acquiring wealth: inheritance, finding, purchase, conquest, investment, work, and acceptance of gifts from good people.

(b). For women, there are six means of acquiring wealth what was given in front of the fire (marriage) or the bridal procession, or as a token of affection, and what she got from her brother, mother or father.

(ii) Do you think that the means of acquiring wealth differentiated men and women? If so how? 4marks

Ans: Of course, it differentiate men and women in society.

(i) According to Manusmriti, the women were not eligible to claim a share in the parental property. 

(ii) The parental property was divided amongst sons after the death of parents with a special share for the eldest.

(iii) However, the women could retain the gift they received on the occasion of their marriage as stridhana.

(iv) This could be inherited by her children, without the husband having any claim to it.

A tiger like husband- (2016) 

This is a summary of a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata: The Pandavas had fled into the forest. They were tired and fell asleep; only Bhima, the second Pandava. renowned for his prowess, was keeping watch. A man- eating rakshasa caught the scent of the Pandavas and sent his sister Hidimba to capture them. She fell in love with Bhima, transformed herself into a lovely maiden and proposed to him. He refused. Meanwhile, the rakshasa arrived and challenged Bhima to a wrestling match. Bhima accepted the challenge and killed him. The others woke up hearing the noise. Hidimba introduced herself, and declared her love for Bhima. She told Kunti: “I have forsaken my friends, my dharma and my kin; and good lady, chosen your tiger-like son for my man …. whether you think me a fool, or your devoted servant, let me join you, great lady, with your son as my husband.” Ultimately, Yudhisthira agreed to the marriage on condition that they would spend the day together but that Bhima would return every night. The couple roamed all over the world during the day. In due course Hidimba gave birth to a rakshasa boy named Ghatotkacha. Then the mother and son left the Pandavas. Ghatotkacha promised to return to the Pandavas whenever they needed him. Some historians suggest that the term rakshasa is used to describe people whose practices differed from those laid down in Brahmanical texts.

(i) Who sent Hidimba to capture the Pandavas? How did he come to know about their presence in the forest?

Ans: A man-cating rakshasa. He caught the scent of the Pandavas by which he knows the presence of the Pandavas.

(ii) Why did Hidimba transform herself in to a lovely maiden? 2marks

Ans: Bhima, the second Pandava was guarded his brothers and when Hidimba came to capture Pandavas she fell in love with Bhima by seeing him and transformed herself into a lovely maiden and proposed to him.

(iii) On what condition did Yudhistira agree to the marriage of Hidimba with Bhima? Did they obey it? 2marks

Ans: Yudhisthira agreed to the marriage on condition that they would spend the day together but that Bhima would return every night. They agreed the proposal of Yudhistira and married.

“Proper” social role (2015, 2012)

Here is a story from the Adi Parvan of the Mahabharata: Once Drona, a Brahmana who taught archery to the Kuru princes, was approached by Ekalavya, a forest dwelling nishada (a hunting community). When Drona, who knew the dharma, refused to have him as his pupil, Ekalavya returned to the forest, prepared an image of Drona out of clay, and treating it as his teacher, began to practice on his own. In due course, he acquired great skill in archery. One day, the Kuru princes went hunting and their dog, wandering in the woods, came upon Ekalavya. When the dog smelt the dark nishada wrapped in black deer skin, his body caked with dirt, it began to bark. Annoyed, Ekalavya shot seven arrows into its mouth. When the dog returned to the Pandavas, they were amazed at this superb display of archery. They tracked down Ekalavya, who introduced himself as a pupil of Drona. Drona had once told his favourite student Arjuna, that he would be unrivalled amongst his pupils. Arjuna now reminded Drona about this. Drona approached Ekalavya, who immediately acknowledged and honoured him as his teacher. When Drona demanded his right thumb as his fee, Ekalavya unhesitatingly cut it off and offered it. But thereafter, when he shot with his remaining fingers, he was no longer as fast as he had been before. Thus, Drona kept his word: no one was better than Arjuna.

(i) Who was Ekalavya?

Ans: A nishada (hunting community).

(ii) Ho did he acquires skill in archery?

Ans: He prepared an image of Drona (Guru) out of clay, and treating it as his teacher, began to practice on his own. In due course, he acquired great skill in archery.

(iii) Did Drnoa follow the rule of Dharmasutra when imparting the technique of archery to his students? 3

Ans: Yes, he followed the rule of Dharmasastra, that is why he opposed to teach the lower class nishada Eklavya. Even he demanded his right thumb as his fee, and to build Kshatriya Arjuna as a superior Archer, Ekalavya unhesitatingly cut it off and offered it. But thereafter, when he shot with his remaining fingers, he was no longer as fast as he had been before.

Draupadi’s question: (2013)

Draupadi is supposed to have asked Yudhisthira whether he had lost himself before staking her. Two contrary opinions were expressed in response to this question. One, that even if Yudhisthira had lost himself earlier, his wife remained under his control, so he could stake her. Two, that an unfree man (as Yudhisthira was when he had lost himself) could not stake another person. The matter remained unresolved; ultimately, Dhritarashtra restored to the Pandavas and Draupadi their personal freedom.

(i) Why did Yudhisthira stake Draupadi?

Ans: Yudhisthira had lost himself earlier, his wife remained under his control, so he could stake her.

(ii) What was the question she asked?

Ans: Yudhisthira whether he had lost himself before staking her.

(iii) Between the two opinions which one Draupadi’s favour? went in

Ans: That an unfree man (as Yudhisthira was when he had lost himself) could not stake another person.

(iv) Does the episode reflect the status of women in the days of the Mahabharata?

Ans: Yes, it reflects the position of women in days of Mahabharata. Women had no rights over men. Though according to Manusmriti, women could acquire wealth by their own, they were not free in all household matters or had no rights in the society. All major like political decisions had been made by the men.

Draupadi’s Marriage

Drupada the king of Panchal orginsed a competition where the challenges were to string a bow and hit a target: the winner would be chosen to marry his daughter Draupadi. Arjuna was victorious and was garlanded by Draupadi. The Pandavas returned with her to their mother Kunti, who, even before she saw them asked them to share whatever they had got. she realized her mistake when she saw Drupadi, but her command could not be violated. After much deliberation, Yudhisthira decided that Drupadi would be their common wife. When Drupda was told about this, he protested. However, the seer Vyasa arrived and told him that the Pandavas were in reality incarnations of Indra, whose wife had been reborn as Draupadi and they were thus destined for each other. Vyasa added that in another instance a young woman had prayed to shiva for a husband, and in her enthusiasm, had prayed five times instead of once. This woman was known, reborned as Draupadi and Shiva had fulfilled her desire Convinced by these stories, Drupada consented to the marriage.

(i) What was the competition organized by the Panchala king Drupada for the marriage of his daughter? 2

Ans: Drupada organized a competition where the challenge was to string a bow and hit a target.

(ii) What two explanations were given by Vyasa to convince king Drupada for Draupadi being the common wife of the Pandvas? 

2marks 

Ans: Vyasa told that Pandvas were in reality incarnations of Indra. He also told that a women was blessed by Lord Shiva to have five husband was now reborn as Draupadi. 

(iii) What form of the marriage was Draupadi’s marriage to the pandvas? Give two views of historians about the form of marriage. 3marks

Ans: It was an example of polyandry. Some historians believe that such kind of marriage were perhaps prevalent in some section of societies. Some historians believe that such tradition was present in the Himalayan region.

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