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| Name of Board | AHSEC |
| Class: | Assam Board Class 12 |
| Subject: | AHSEC Class 12 Biology |
| Number of Chapter: | 03 |
| Chapter Name | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH |
| Content Type: | Text, Images and PDF Format |
| Academic Year: | 2024-25 |
| Medium: | English |
| Available Solution Link: | AHSEC Class Biology Notes |
AHSEC Class 12th Biology Chapter: 3 Reproductive Health
(A) FILL IN THE BLANKS (1MARK EACH)
1. ______ is the upper limit up to which environment can sustain population.
Ans: Carrying capacity
2. Rapid increase in human population is called______
Ans: Biotic potentiality
3. Vasectomy is the surgical removal of_____
Ans: Vas deferens
4. Viability period of human ovum is______
Ans: 24 hours
5. A darkly stained body present in the somatic cells of human female but absent from those of human male is______
Ans: Barr body
6. _______involves the transfer of embryo at 8 celled stage in the Fallopian tube of female.
Ans: ZIFT
(B) TRUE OR FALSE (1MARK EACH)
1. Test Tube baby technique involves artificial insemination.
Ans: False
2. In India, medical termination of pregnancy (abortion) was legalized in 1971.
Ans: True
3. Creating awareness about sex related aspects is an effective method to improve reproductive health of the people.
Ans: True
4. All sexually transmitted diseases are completely curable.
Ans: False
(C) VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
(1 MARK)
1. Name a prenatal technique to diagnose genetic defects in a foetus.
Ans: Amniocentesis.
2. In which year Family Planning programme in India was initiated?
Ans: 1951.
3. Give the WHO’s definition of reproductive health.
Ans: According to WHO, reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction, i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social.
4. Give the full form of IUD.
Ans: Intra Uterine Devices.
5. What substances are present in birth control pills?
Ans: Progestogens or progestogen estrogen combinations.
6. What is tubectomy?
Ans: In females, a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through small incision in the abdomen or vagina. This process is called tubectomy.
7. Give two primary reasons for increase in human population.
Ans: (i) Increased health facilities
(ii) Better living conditions.
8. Give full form of MTP.
Ans: Medical Termination of Pregnancy.
9. List one drawback of surgical method of birth control.
Ans: Their reversibility is very poor.
(D) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2) MARKS)
1. Define population explosion.
Ans: The tremendous increase in size and growth rate of population is called population explosion
2. State the major objectives of Reproductive and Child Health Care programme.
Ans: The major objectives are
(i) Creating awareness among people about various reproduction related aspects.
(ii) Providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
3. Why has amniocentesis been banned?
Ans: Amniocentesis has been banned because it is misused for determining the sex of the foetus and then aborting the child if it is a female.
4. What do you mean by reproductive health?
Ans: Reproductive health means a total well being in all aspects of reproduction ie, physical, emotional, behavioural and social. Therefore, a society with people having physically and functionally normal reproductive organs and normal emotional and behavioural interactions among them in all sex related aspects are called reproductively healthy.
5. How does Cu-T act as an effective contraceptive for human female?
Ans: (i) Cu ions released suppress sperm motility and fertilising capacity of sperms.
(ii) It increases phagocytosis of sperms within the uterus.
6. Name the hormonal composition of the oral contraceptive used by human females. Explain how does it act as a contraceptive.
Ans: Oral contraceptives are composed of either progestogens or progestogen estrogen combinations. Oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard entry of sperms.
7. Write a note on MTP.
Ans: Intentional termination of pregnancy before full term is called MTP or induced abortion. Nearly 45 to 50 million MTP’s are performed in a year all over the world which accounts to 1/ 5th of the total number of conceived pregnancies in a year. Govt. of India legalised MTP in 1971 with some strict conditions to avoid its misuse. MTP is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus. It is also essential in certain cases where continuation of the pregnancy could be fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both. MTPs are considered relatively safe during the first trimester; second trimester abortions are much more riskier.
8. Describe the chemical method of birth control.
Ans: Chemical methods of birth control are as follows.
(i) Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are introduced in the vagina just before coitus that kill sperms.
(ii) Pills are taken as oral contraceptives that inhibit ovulation and thus implantation.
9. Differentiate tubectomy and vasectomy.
Ans: In vasectomy a small part of the vas deferens is removed and tied up through a small incision on the scrotum.
In tubectomy a small part of the fallopian tube is removed and tied up through a small incision in the abdomen or vagina.
10. What is meant by natural methods of birth control?
Ans: Natural methods work on the principle of avoiding the meeting of ovum and sperm. The various methods are
(i) Periodic abstinence is a method in which a couple avoids coitus from day 10-17 of the menstrual cycle, when ovulation is expected to occur.
(ii) Coitus interruptus is a method in which male partner withdraws his pettis from the vagina just before ejaculation of sperms.
(iii) Lactational amenorrhea is based on the principle that during the period of lactation after parturition, ovulation does not occur.
11. What is implants? How do they help in preventing fertilisation?
Ans: Progestogens or progestogen estreogen combinations can be used by females as injections or implants under the skin. They inhibit ovulation and implantation as well as alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent entry of sperms and thus prevent fertilisation.
[E] SHORT ANSWER QUESTION (3 MARKS)
1. The present level of population growth in India is a matter of concern. Mention some ways to check it.
Ans: Some ways to check population growth in India are
(i) To motivate smaller families by using various contraceptive methods.
(ii) Raising marriageable age of girls to 18 years and of boys to 21 years.
(iii) Incentives should be given to couples with small family.
2. Suggest the reproduction related aspects in which counselling should be provided at the school level.
Ans: Counselling should be provided at the school level for the following aspects-
(i) To discourage children from believing in myths and having misconceptions about sex related aspects.
(ii) Proper information about reproductive organs.
(iii) They should be made aware of safe and hygienic sexual practices.
(iv) They should know about sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS etc.
(v) They must also be aware of adolescence and related changes.
3. What do you understand by STD. Name three STD in man. How can they be prevented?
Ans: Diseases or infections which are transmitted through sexual intercourse are called sexually transmitted diseases (STD).
Three STD in man are AIDS, Gonorrhoea and Syphilis.
They can be prevented by –
(i) Avoid sex with unknown partners/multiple partners.
(ii) Always use condoms during coitus.
(iii) In case of doubt go to a qualified doctor for early detection and get complete treatment if diagnosed with disease.
4. Write a short note on test tube baby.
Ans: In this method, ova from the wife/donor and the sperms from the husband/donor are collected and induced to form zygote under simulated conditions in the laboratory. The zygote or early embryo with upto 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (ZIFT Zygote intra fallopians transfer) and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus (IUT- intra uterine transfer). In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes within the female are transferred. As fertilisation is done in the laboratory conditions, it is called test tube baby.
5. Write note on barrier method of birth control.
Ans: Barrier methods prevent the contact of sperm and ovum with the help of barriers. Such methods are available for both males and females.
(i) Condoms They are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath used to cover the penis in the male or vagína and cervix in females. It prevents the deposition of ejaculated semen into the vagina of the female.
(ii) Diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults: They are made of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to cover the cervix during coitus. They prevent the entry of sperms through cervix.
(iii) Spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are used along with these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency.
6. Why medical termination of pregnancy is done?
Ans: MTP is done to get rid of unwanted pregnancies either due to casual unprotected intercourse or failure of the contraceptive used during coitus or rapes. MTP are also essential in certain cases where continuation of the pregnancy could be harmful or even fatal either to the mother or to the foetus or both.
7. Briefly describe gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT) technique.
Ans: Some females cannot conceive because in such females ovum is not properly formed. GIFT is the transfer of ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce ova but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development of the embryo. In this procedure two of the retrieved unfertilized oocytes and 2-5 lac motile sperms are passed into fallopian tube through laparoscope. Fertilization occurs in vivo.
[F] LONG ANSWER QUESTION (5 MARKS)
1. Why is the development of a rational outlook on birth control necessary in India today? Write about the different methods of birth control.
Ans: The development of a rational outlook on birth control is necessary in India today because the population is increasing at an alarming rate which may lead to an absolute scarcity of even the basic requirements i.e., food, shelter and clothing, in spite of significant progress made in those areas.
The different methods of birth control are
1. Natural methods: It work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperms meeting. It is of different types –
(a) Periodic abstinence where couples avoid coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle.
(b) Coitus interruptus in which the male partner withdraws his penis from the vagina just before ejaculation.
(c) Lactational amenorrhea is based on the principle that during lactation period ovulation does not occur.
2. Barrier methods: These methods prevent the contact of sperm and ovum with the help of barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps and vaults, Also spermicidal creams, jellies and foams are used along with these barriers to increase their contraceptive efficiency.
3. Intra uterine devices (IUDs): Which are inserted by doctors in the uterus through vagina. They may be non mediated IUDs (eg. Lippes loop), Copper releasing IUDs (CuT) and Hormone releasing IUDs (LNG-20)
4. Oral contraceptives: It involves uptake of hormonal preparations in the form of pills.
5. Injections and implants: Progestogen or progestogen estrogen combination can be used by females as injections or implants under the skin.
6. Surgical methods: It is a terminal method to prevent further pregnancies. In males vasectormy and in females tubectomy is done.
2. Define assisted reproductive technologies. Explain various special techniques used in assisted reproductive technology.
Ans: Assisted reproductive technologies are some special techniques through which infertile couples can be assisted to have children.
The various assisted reproductive technologies are..
(i) IVF – In vitro fertilization means fertilization outside the body in almost similar conditions followed by embryo transfer. In such method test tube baby is produced when ova from wife and sperm from donor male is collected and is induced to form zygote under simulated conditions.
(ii) ZIFT (Zygote intra fallopian transfer) In this method zygote upto 8 blastomeres is transferred into fallopian tube.
(iii) IUT (Intra uterine transfer) In this method embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus to complete its development.
(iv) GIFT (Gamete intra fallopian transfer) – Here transfer of an ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation and further development is done.
(v) ICSI (Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection) It is a specialised procedure to form an embryo in lab in which sperm is directly injected into ovum.
(vi) AI (Artificial Insemination) Here semen collected from donor is introduced in vagina.
3. Describe any five suitable reason to justify the introduction of sex education among school going children.
Ans: (i) Right information about sex should be disseminated.
(ii) Myths and misconceptions about sex related queries can be avoided by providing right information.
(iii) Awareness about reproductive organs, adolescene and related changes should be given.
(iv) Methods of family planning and hyginic sexual practices should be given.
(v) Awareness about sexually transmitted diseases should be given as adolescent people are vulnerable to these diseases.
4. What are the programmes listed under the maternity and child health and family planning?
Ans: (i) With the help of audio visual and the print media governmental and non governmental agencies have taken various steps to create awareness among the people about reproduction related aspects.
(ii) Providing facilities and support for building up a reproductively healthy society.
(iii) Introduction of sex education in schools to provide right information about sex related aspects.
(iv) Educating people, especially fertile couples and those in marriageable group about available birth control options, care of pregnant mothers, post natal care, importance of breast feeding, equal opportunities for male and female child etc.
(v) Awareness of problems due to uncontrolled population growth, social evils like sex abuse and sex related crimes need to be created to enable people to think and take up necessary steps to prevent them and thereby build up a socially responsible and healthy society.
5. Discuss how problems of infertility can be addressed?
Ans. Problems of infertility can be adressed in the following ways-
1. Test Tube Baby Programme: In this method ova from the wife donor (female) and the sperms from the husband/donor (male) are collected and induced to form zygote under stimulated conditions in the laboratory. This process is called in vitro fetilization (IVF). The zygote or early embryo with upto 8 blastomeres is transferred into the fallopian tube (process is called zygote intra fallopian transfer, ZIFT) and embryo with more than 8 blastomeres is transferred into the uterus (process is called intra uterine transfer, IUT). In females who cannot conceive, embryos formed by fusion of gametes within the female (called in vivo fertilisation) are transferred.
2. Gamete Intra Fallopian transfer (GIFT): It is the transfer of on ovum collected from a donor into the fallopian tube of another female who cannot produce one, but can provide suitable environment for fertilisetion and further development of the embryo.
3. Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): It is a procedure to form an embryo in the laboratory by directly injecting the sperm into an ovum.
4. Artificial Insemination (AI): In this method, the semen collected either from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially introduced into the vagina or into the uterus (intra uterine insemination or IUI). This technique is used in cases where the male is unable to inseminate sperms in the female reproductive Tract or due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation.
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Last Words on AHSEC Class 12 Biology Chapter: 3 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
The Chapter 3 of AHSEC Class 12 Biology deals with Reproductive in Health for a brief understanding. You can Download this HS 2nd Year Biology Notes in PDF 2025.
